The World Health Organization 2021 update of the Public health impact of chemicals: knowns and unknowns estimates that nearly half of the 2 million lives lost to known chemicals exposure in 2019 were due to lead exposure.
Lead exposure is estimated to accounts for 21.7 million years lost to disability and deaths (disability-adjusted life years, or DALYs) worldwide due to long-term effects on health, with 30% of the global burden of idiopathic intellectual disability, 4,6% of the global burden of cardiovascular disease and 3.0% of the global burden of chronic kidney diseases (7) .
8843
接触铅造成什么样的代价？
What are the costs associated with leadexposure?
8844
接触铅带来直接和间接的经济代价。
There are both direct and indirect economic costs resulting from leadexposure.
These include health care costs in treating lead poisoning, social costs such as the need for special education to combat lead-induced intellectual impairment and productivity losses because of reduced intelligence quotient (IQ).
8846
因儿童期接触铅导致的神经发育后果所造成的经济代价估计占2011年全球国内生产总值的1.2%。
The estimated economic costs attributable to the neurodevelopmental impacts of childhood lead exposure amounted to 1.2% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011.
Expressed in terms of loss to regional GDP, the estimated cost in Africa was 4%, in Latin America and the Caribbean 2% and in Asia 1.9% (4).
8848
人类接触铅的途径是什么？
What are the sources of humanexposure to lead?
8849
铅有多种用途，因此，可能接触源也很多。
Lead has many uses; therefore, there are many potential sources of exposure.
8850
主要接触源包括：回收铅酸蓄电池和控制不当的采铅及冶炼活动造成的环境污染；
Important sources include environmental contamination from the recycling of lead-acid batteries and from poorly controlled lead mining and smelting operations; the use of lead-containing traditional remedies; lead ceramic glazes used in food containers; lead pipes and other lead-containing components in water distribution systems; and lead paint.